Illustrations of Costume from the 1860 edition of:

The pilgrimage of Arnold von Harff in 1496 to 1499

13 Der Sultan (Vizekönig) in Cairo.
The Sultan (Viceroy) in Cairo.
Manuscript Image

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Referenced as Figure 7. in Sultans with Horns: The Political Significance of Headgear in the Mamluk Empire by Albrecht Fuess
Sultan al-Nāṣir Muḥammad on his throne.
Sultan al-Nāṣir Muḥammad is depicted with a round turban, which might be identified as the takhfīfah ṣaghīrah, and no kallawtah cap is to be seen. The Mamluk dignitary to his left, called “Thodar” (dawādār) by von Harff, seems clearly to wear a kallawtah cap with a turban wrapped around it.
Sometimes this image is incorrectly identified as Sultan Qāytbāy (r. 872-901/1468-96), which is quite impossible as Harff left Cologne in November of 1496 and Qāytbāy had died in August of the same year. Harff even mentions the death of the former sultan.